TECHNOPHILIA: Would a cell phone work on a submerged submarine?

TECHNOPHILIA: Would a cell phone work on a submerged submarine?: Cell phone signals use very high frequency radio waves around 800 or 1900 megahertz . They travel in a straight line, are extremely sus...

Would a cell phone work on a submerged submarine?

Cell phone signals use very high frequency radio waves around 800 or 1900 megahertz . They travel in a straight line, are extremely susceptible to interference and break apart as soon as they encounter salty seawater.

Even above the ocean's surface, a submarine would need to be pretty close to shore because cell phones rely on a network of base stations, or cell phone towers, to transmit signals. In theory, a cell phone might be able to communicate with a tower as far as 45 miles (72 kilometers) away, but a signal at this distance would be far from reliable; a range of just a few miles is more typical.

Submarines must stay submerged at a depth of about 200 to 330 feet (60 to 100 meters) in order to avoid detection. For decades, submerged submarines have communicated only through extremely low frequency (ELF) or very low frequency (VLF) radio waves because signals in these very low ranges (300 hertz to 30 kilohertz) are able to travel long distances and penetrate seawater .

But ELF and VLF have extremely limited bandwidth, with data transfer rates ranging from a few hundred bits per second to as low as a few bits per minute. To get reception, submarines must tow large antenna cables and reduce their speed underwater.

In recent years, the U.S. Navy has explored new technologies, such as small communication buoys that can be launched to the surface to establish a connection with military satellites and quantum key distribution, which seeks to use the principles of quantum mechanics to communicate securely with submerged subs .

TECHNOPHILIA: Why Does the Date of Easter Change Every Year?

TECHNOPHILIA: Why Does the Date of Easter Change Every Year?: Why does the date of Easter change every year? Have you ever wondered why Easter Sunday can fall anywhere between March 22 and April 25...

Why Does the Date of Easter Change Every Year?

Why does the date of Easter change every year?

Have you ever wondered why Easter Sunday can fall anywhere between March 22 and April 25? And why do Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate Easter on a different day than Western churches? These are all good questions with answers that require a bit of explanation. In fact, there are as many misunderstandings about the calculation of Easter dates, as there are reasons for the confusion.
What follows is an attempt to clear up at least some of the confusion.

The Short Answer

At the heart of the matter lies a very simple explanation. The early church fathers wished to keep the observance of Easter in correlation to the Jewish Passover. Because the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ happened after the Passover, they wanted Easter to always be celebrated subsequent to the Passover. And, since the Jewish holiday calendar is based on solar and lunar cycles, each feast day is movable, with dates shifting from year to year. Now, from here the explanation grows more complicated.

The Long Answer

Today in Western Christianity, Easter is always celebrated on the Sunday immediately following the Paschal Full Moon date of the year. I had previously, and somewhat erroneously stated, "Easter is always celebrated on the Sunday immediately following the first full moon after the vernal (spring) equinox." This statement was true prior to 325 A.D.; however, over the course of history (beginning in 325 A.D. with the Council of Nicea), the Western Church decided to established a more standardized system for determining the date of Easter.

In actuality, the date of the Paschal Full Moon is determined from historical tables, and has no correspondence to lunar events.
As astronomers were able to approximate the dates of all the full moons in future years, the Western Christian Church used these calculations to establish a table of Ecclesiastical Full Moon dates. These dates would determine the Holy Days on the Ecclesiastical calendar.
Though modified slightly from its original form, by 1583 A.D. the table for determining the Ecclesiastical Full Moon dates was permanently established and has been used ever since to determine the date of Easter. Thus, according to the Ecclesiastical tables, the Paschal Full Moon is the first Ecclesiastical Full Moon date after March 20 (which happened to be the vernal equinox date in 325 A.D.). So, in Western Christianity, Easter is always celebrated on the Sunday immediately following the Paschal Full Moon.
The Paschal Full Moon can vary as much as two days from the date of the actual full moon, with dates ranging from March 21 to April 18. As a result, Easter dates can range from March 22 through April 25 in Western Christianity.

Eastern vs. Western Easter Dates

Historically, Western churches used the Gregorian Calendar to calculate the date of Easter and Eastern Orthodox churches used the Julian Calendar. This was partly why the dates were seldom the same.
Easter and its related holidays do not fall on a fixed date in either the Gregorian or Julian calendars, making them movable holidays. The dates, instead, are based on a lunar calendar very similar to the Hebrew Calendar.
While some Eastern Orthodox Churches not only maintain the date of Easter based on the Julian Calendar which was in use during the First Ecumenical Council of Nicea in 325 A.D., they also use the actual, astronomical full moon and the actual vernal equinox as observed along the meridian of Jerusalem. This complicates the matter, due to the inaccuracy of the Julian calendar, and the 13 days that have accrued since A.D. 325. This means, in order to stay in line with the originally established (325 A.D.) vernal equinox, Orthodox Easter cannot be celebrated before April 3 (present day Gregorian calendar), which was March 21 in A.D. 325.
Additionally, in keeping with the rule established by the First Ecumenical Council of Nicea, the Eastern Orthodox Church adhered to the tradition that Easter must always fall after the Jewish Passover, since the resurrection of Christ happened after the celebration of Passover. Eventually the Orthodox Church came up with an alternative to calculating Easter based on the Gregorian calendar and Passover, and developed a 19-year cycle, as opposed to the Western Church 84-year cycle.
Since the days of early church history, determining the precise date of Easter has been a matter for continued argument. For one, the followers of Christ neglected to record the exact date of Jesus' resurrection. From then on the matter grew increasingly complex.

TECHNOPHILIA: TECHNOPHILIA: RADAR COMMUNICATION

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TECHNOPHILIA: Rules Of Dating

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Rules Of Dating

Dating is a part of human mating process whereby two people meet socially for companionship, beyond the level of friendship, or with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or marriage. It can be a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by the couple. While the term has several meanings, it usually refers to the act of meeting and engaging in some mutually agreed upon social activity in public, together, as a couple.
The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms used to describe it, vary considerably from country to country and over time. The most common idea is two people trying out a relationship and exploring whether they are compatible by going out together in public as a couple who may or may not yet be having sexual relations. This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage.


He asks, he OR she pays. The one traditional dating "do" that still stands is the general belief men are supposed to make the first move. However, 41% of women would offer to pick up the check on a first date. You hear that guys? If you ask us out for dinner,we might just foot the bill. Sounds like a win-win to us.
  All it takes is 15 minutes to determine if you have chemistry. Thirty-one percent of both men and women agree that 15 minutes of a date is all it takes to decide. Worried your next date will bail if he's not into you? Don't, because Match.com found only 12 percent of singles would actually leave before the night was over.
  Honesty is (still) the best policy. Not enjoying your time out with what's his name? Tell him. The survey found 52 percent of singles think it's best to politely tell your date if you're not interested - and we agree. Neither party gets anything out of being dishonest and you never know when you'll run into him or her again later in life. Remember: manners matter.
  Don't go all the way on the first date. Eighty percent of singles agree that you shouldn't have sex on the first date. Holding out on your date builds mystery, and if your date can get it all in one night, they're less motivated to call back for round two.
  It's OK to follow-up - it's just a matter of when. Forty-eight percent of women like to follow up after a first date within 24 hours where as 68 percent of men like to "play it cool" and extend the follow-up to almost three days after your date.
  Classic phone communication is best. In this digital era, there are hundreds of ways to follw up on a date: text, e-mail, instant message, etc. But surprisingly enough, the survey found 80 percent of singles prefer to talk over the phone.
  Yes, you can Facebook-friend your date.  ust not too quickly. Ah, the social media dilemma that plagues all singles. As far as friend requesting your date goes, 21 percent of young singles say it's OK to request a friend after 2-3 dates while 11 percent of older singles wait until the relationship is exclusive to do so. These low percentages mean keeping your add-friend trigger finger under control while in the early phase of dating.
  Introduce your new man/woman to your friends. Sometimes your friends get a bad rap when it comes to dating, but 50 percent of men and 35 percent of women will introduce their dates to their friends within the first month of dating, regardless of how old they are.

Unspoken Rules Of Dating

 

 Your standards shift based on how attracted you are to someone. Much as we would all like to think that a date's looks don't matter, they do (to an extent). Specifically, you'll put up with more frustrating behavior from someone you are attracted to -- physcially and otherwise -- than someone you are not.
 Dating success often comes down to dumb luck. As one user wrote: "A lot of people look at dating as a science, with calculations, and facts and figures. It's not science, the probability of finding someone that is right for you bottles down a lot to luck and timing." Timing really is everything.
 Everybody "plays games," whether it's getting into a power struggle when the check comes or waiting to admit your feelings until the other person does first.
Dating will always suck at some point. Whether or not you're happy being single, the process of dating is stressful and things rarely work out immediately , it's more than likely that you'll encounter at least one of the following situations during the span of your dating life:

Falling hard for someone who doesn't notice you, meeting someone wonderful who you click instantly with who is already taken, having someone lead you on only to use you for sex or attention with no intention of progressing the relationship the way you'd want to, investing in someone only to find out they're a total asshole, having to reject someone who is a good person because there is no feelings on your part, being cheated on or getting dumped because your [partner] found someone they like better etc.

 Race matters, particularly when online dating. it has shown that a user's race and the race of the people they are messaging affect the likelihood that he or she will receive a response.they found that, compared to users of other races, black women write back most frequently and white men get the highest number of responses when they send messages.
 Nobody is completely themselves on a first date. While it's always best to be honest with a potential new partner, everyone has certain cards that they play close to the chest. Furthermore, being true to yourself doesn't mean putting absolutely everything out there right away. As one user wrote, "You can be honest without giving a full 411 on every personal flaw you have. Being honest doesn't mean reenacting your life story to everyone you meet."

Menopause Symptoms Treatment

Many women pay close attention to their gynecological health during their younger years and start to ignore it after menopause. Your wellness plan after menopause should include at minimum annual visits to a health care professional.
The Menopause Transition

As your body transitions into menopause (a process that typically lasts about five years) you may notice some physical and emotional changes. The most common include:

• irregular menstrual periods
• hot flashes
• vaginal dryness
• urinary tract infections or painful urination
• stress incontinence
• night sweats
• insomnia
• headaches
• heart palpitations
• forgetfulness
• mood changes
• anxiety and irritability
• diminished concentration

1. Hot flashes:

This experience is caused by your body's attempt to stimulate your ovaries with less and less success. The pituitary gland in your brain increases the amount of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) aimed at the ovaries. Falling estrogen levels and the increase in FSH and LH levels disturb your body's internal temperature. The result: a hot flash.

About 85 out of every 100 women approaching or going through menopause have hot flashes, which may start intermittently in your late 30s or early 40s. Hot flashes may get more intense and more frequent around your last menstrual period and then taper off, usually stopping altogether after two to five years. Approximately one in 10 women still have hot flashes 10 years after their last period.

During a hot flash, you may experience a sudden sensation of heat in your face, neck and chest. You may sweat profusely and your pulse may become more rapid. Some women get dizzy or nauseous. A hot flash typically lasts about three to six minutes — which can seem like an eternity. For some women hot flashes are intolerable, occurring at inconvenient moments or at night, disrupting sleep.

There are a variety of strategies for coping with hot flashes, ranging from short-term hormone replacement therapy (estrogen alone or estrogen plus progesterone for no more than three to five years) and other medical options to herbal remedies (see further down in this article), but lifestyle strategies may be the easiest and quickest changes to try first:

• dressing in layers that may be removed if you find you're getting too warm
• sleeping in a cool room
• drinking plenty of water
• avoiding hot foods, like soups, spicy foods, caffeinated foods and beverages, and alcohol, which can trigger hot flashes
• trying to decrease stress
• exercising
• breathing deeply and slowly, if you feel a hot flash starting; rhythmic breathing may help to "turn down" the heat of a hot flash or prevent it from starting altogether

2. Insomnia: Sleep often is a casualty of menopause, whether it is interrupted by hot flashes (called night sweats when they occur at night) or difficulty falling asleep. Hormonal ups and downs are partly responsible. As you age, your sleep patterns may change. Older people may sleep less, awaken earlier and go to sleep sooner or later than they did at younger ages.

Lifestyle changes for coping with insomnia:

• sleep in a cool room to help relieve hot flashes that may be disturbing your sleep
• exercise regularly
• set and keep a regular routine and hour for going to sleep
• a glass of warm milk but no other food right before bedtime
• no alcoholic beverages or smoking before going to sleep
• don't watch TV in bed
• practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing
• review any medications you are taking to see if they may cause sleeplessness

3. Mood swings: For reasons still not well understood, declining and fluctuating estrogen levels during the transition to menopause, can cause emotional highs and lows and irritability. Lack of sleep due to night sweats may also contribute to feeling irritable and depressed. Though your periods are coming to an end, you may continue to experience the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In fact, emotional symptoms may become worse for a time for some women as they approach menopause. You may also notice that you've lost interest in sex. Declining estrogen and testosterone levels in women at this time may lower your sex drive.

Lifestyle strategies for coping with mood swings:

• try relaxation exercises such as meditation or massage which can be calming and reduce irritability
• discuss your symptoms with your partner and what may be causing them; try new and different approaches to intimacy
• make physical activity part of your schedule; exercise can improve mood and make you feel better about yourself

4. Vaginal dryness and frequent urinary tract infections: Estrogen, a natural hormone produced by the body, helps to keep the vagina lubricated and supple. Following menopause, as estrogen levels decline, the vagina becomes drier and the vaginal wall becomes thinner. Sex may become painful. The wall of the urethra becomes thinner, too, as estrogen levels fall, and increases the chance of more frequent urinary tract infections. Urine leakage may become a problem as muscle support for the bladder and urethra weakens.

Strategies for coping with vaginal dryness and frequent urinary infections:

• consider using vaginal creams or gels (prescription or nonprescription) to help with vaginal dryness during different times of your cycle or regularly vaginal estrogen is available as creams, rings, or tablets if moisturizers and lubricants are not enough. These are prescription medications.
• drink plenty of water to help your body stay hydrated
• use moisturizing lotions
• exercise to maintain muscle tone

practice Kegel techniques

to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles that support your bladder and urethra to help limit urine leakage. Kegel exercises help firm up the vaginal canal, control urine flow, and enhance orgasm. The exercise is a matter of tightening and relaxing the muscles you use to stop urination. Do at least five Kegels in a row several times a day:

Tighten a little — count to five.

Tighten a little more — count to five.

As hard as possible — count to five.

• Relax in reverse steps, counting to five at each step.

5. Heart palpitations: Some women in their late 40s are frightened by their hearts pounding in their chests for no apparent reason. This symptom, called a heart palpitation, is caused by the heart beating irregularly or by missing one or two beats. Though this symptom can be associated with several types of serious heart-related conditions, it is also common during the transition to menopause, and typically is not related to heart disease. For example, a woman's heart rate can increase eight to 16 beats during a hot flash, according to the North American Menopause Society.

If you think you are experiencing heart palpitations:

• consult with a health care professional immediately if you have any of these symptoms that could indicate a heart-related problem: shortness of breath; pounding or irregular heartbeat; dizziness; nausea; pain in the neck, jaw, arm or chest that comes and goes; or tightness in the chest
• ask your health care professional to rule out conditions that may cause heart palpitations, such as thyroid disorders
• ask your health care professional what options are appropriate for relieving heart palpitations such as decreasing caffeine and whether medications are needed

6. Forgetfulness and/or difficulty concentrating: During early menopause, many women are troubled to find they have difficulty remembering things, experience mental blocks or have trouble concentrating. Not getting enough sleep or having sleep disrupted can contribute to memory and concentration problems. Stress associated with major life changes — such as children leaving home and caring for aging parents — can also interfere with sleep. More research is needed, experts say, to determine the cause of these symptoms during the transition to menopause. However, though they can be upsetting, memory-related issues at this time in your life rarely are associated with serious medical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

Strategies for coping with memory problems and lack of concentration:

• recognize that these symptoms may be caused by menopausal changes in your body and don't put pressure on yourself to rely on past strategies for remembering things; develop daily reminder lists or messages to help get you through periods of forgetfulness
• practice stress-reduction techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, yoga and meditation and try to be physically active on a regular basis

Some women go through menopause with little to no discomfort. If you find you need relief for uncomfortable symptoms and the strategies you've tried don't help, ask your health care professional about medical options. There are a variety of medical strategies used to relieve different symptoms. A few are described below:

Oral contraceptives:

Oral contraceptives can help ease symptoms associated with early menopause, including irregular periods and mood swings, among others. Typically, oral contraceptives are recommended to women who are still having periods. For many women in their 40s, oral contraceptives provide the added benefit of preventing pregnancy. Still, taking oral contraceptives close to menopause can make it difficult to determine when you have stopped menstruating. Women who smoke, have high blood pressure, diabetes, a history of gall bladder disease or blood clotting disorders should not use oral contraceptives. Discuss your health history with your health care professional and ask for guidance on this treatment option.

A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found no increased risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptives in women 40 and older. New types of contraceptives are now available including lower doses, shorter placebo weeks, and both a contraceptive patch and a contraceptive vaginal ring.

If you're considering taking hormones to manage menopausal symptoms, be aware that the doses of estrogen and progestogen typically taken to manage menopausal symptoms are not adequate to provide protection against an unwanted pregnancy. A woman who is still fertile must use contraceptives containing higher levels of hormones or use additional birth control methods in addition to hormone replacement.

Antidepressant medication: Lower doses of several medications used to treat depression and anxiety have been found effective in relieving hot flashes in as many as 70 percent of women. These drugs include venlafaxine (Effexor), fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil) and are available in tablet form.

Cardiovascular medication: The blood pressure drugs Catapres and Aldomet taken in lower doses than are used to treat high blood pressure may also relieve hot flashes in some women. They are typically prescribed in tablet form or as skin patches.

Side effects are possible with these medications. Ask your health care professional for more information, if you consider using one of these medical strategies for hot flashes.

Hormone Therapy (HRT)

Once thought safe for the long-term prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease as well as for the short-term relief of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, the safety of HRT for both short-term and long-term use is now under intense study by the federal government.

Hormone therapy comes in two forms: estrogen and a synthetic form of the hormone progesterone (progestin) combined, or HRT, and estrogen replacement therapy, or ERT, when estrogen alone is prescribed. Hormone therapy is typically given to women who have not had hysterectomies because estrogen is known to increase the risk of uterine cancer. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is available in a variety of applications: pills, creams, skin patches, vaginal ring and injections.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that it would require a new, highlighted (boxed) warning on all estrogen products for use by postmenopausal women. The so-called "black box" is the strongest step the FDA can take to warn consumers of the potential risks of a medication. The warning highlights the increased risk for heart disease, heart attacks, stroke and breast cancer from supplemental estrogen. This warning came on the heels of three major studies published in July 2002 which showed significant health risks in connection with the long-term use of both forms of hormone therapy, estrogen-progestin therapy and estrogen alone.

Experts offer these guidelines to help understand these recent findings on hormone therapy:

• Women who take hormone therapy to prevent osteoporosis should discuss their personal risks for heart disease and breast cancer with their health care professional. Alternative treatments and preventive medications for osteoporosis are available.
• If you are currently using hormone therapy, talk with your health care professional first before stopping your medication; if you are using hormone therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms, stopping the medication abrupting could make your symptoms worse. How you taper off your medication will depend on what type of therapy you are using. Conditions such as elevated cholesterol and low bone density may return to pre-HRT levels and require intervention.
• Ask your health care professional about alternatives to HRT for specific medical conditions and overall health. In the summer of 2003, a new lower dose version of a combination estrogen and progestin drug for postmenopausal women (medroxyprogesterone, sold as Prempro) is expected to become available. Bear in mind, too, that a recent major federal clinical trial, part of the Women's Health Initiative, recently concluded that, contrary to popular belief, estrogen and progestin, are effective for short-term relief from hot flashes and night sweats, but nothing else. They have no significant impact on general health, or quality of life factors, such as energy, mental health, symptoms of depression, or sexual satisfaction.
• If you are considering "natural" supplements as an alternative, it is also important to keep in mind that studies related to their effectiveness are sparse and that the FDA doesn't oversee the production of supplements, nor does it require manufacturers to prove their products are effective, as it does with prescription or over-the-counter medications.

Alternatives to hormone therapy for cardiovascular health

Lifestyle strategies for cardiovascular health may include exercise, not smoking, avoiding excess weight and limiting salt and alcohol. For example, a balanced diet rich in antioxidant vitamins with fish two to three times a week may also be prescribed. Several different classes of safe, effective medications designed to lower elevated blood cholesterol and low stroke risk are also available. Drug treatment may be recommended together with lifestyle changes such as a diet low in saturated fat to lower cholesterol levels.

Twenty-five percent of all American women have blood cholesterol levels high enough to pose a serious risk for coronary heart disease, according to the American Heart Association. When to begin drug therapy typically depends on your risk factors for high cholesterol.

Testosterone: This hormone, an androgen, appears to play an important role in women's bodies. Often thought of incorrectly as exclusively a male sex hormone, testosterone is secreted by the ovaries and is therefore natural to the female body. Surgical menopause (removal of the ovaries) may have a negative effect on sex drive. Testosterone therapy is sometimes prescribed to help. Taking the correct dose is very important. Too much testosterone may not provide the desired improvement in sex drive, and can make the woman feel agitated, overly aggressive, and/or depressed. Higher doses can cause masculinizing side effects (that may not go away after stopping therapy) such as facial and body hair growth, acne, an enlarged clitoris, a lowered voice and muscle weight gain. Testosterone may also be associated with adverse heart-related conditions, such as increased risk for atherosclerosis.

Since the safety of taking testosterone for extended periods of time has not been established, women should be very cautious when considering this type of hormone treatment.

Alternatives to Hormone Therapy for Osteoporosis Prevention

Among the lifestyle changes that have been shown to improve bone density in young women and prevent fractures in older women are dietary calcium, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Prescription drugs used to treat and/or prevent osteoporosis include:

• Alendronate (Fosamax): approved by the FDA to treat and prevent osteoporosis, Fosamax (from the bisphosphonate class of drugs) has been shown to increase bone mass and reduce the risk of spine, hip, wrist, and other fractures in women with osteoporosis.
• Risedronate (Actonel): approved by the FDA to prevent and treat osteoporosis, Actonel (another type of bisphosphonate drug) has been shown to increase bone mass and decrease the risk of spine, hip and other fractures.
• Calcitonin (Miacalcin): approved by the FDA to treat women who are five years postmenopausal and cannot tolerate estrogen therapy, calcitonin helps maintain bone mass.
• Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators (SERMS). This class of drugs, including raloxifene (Evista) appears to prevent bone loss at the spine, hip and total body. One of the drugs in this class, raloxifene (Evista) has been shown to reduce the chance of spinal fracture by half in women with osteoporosis.
• Teriparatide (Forteo). This new drug, approved by the FDA in November 2002, is the first medication to actually stimulate bone formation instead of just slowing the breakdown of bone. You take it as a once-a-day shot.

Not all women should take these drugs and each medication has side effects. Ask your health care professional for more information.

Herbal Remedies

Some women report that vitamin and herbal supplements are helpful in managing menopausal symptoms. For instance, phytoestrogens — naturally occurring compounds in certain plants, herbs and seeds — are similar in chemical structure to estrogen and/produce estrogen-like effects.

Soy products like tofu, tempeh, soy milk, soy burgers and roasted soy nuts contain phytoestrogen. These are healthy foods that are excellent sources of protein and calcium that can be added to your diet. Good scientific research is limited on the effects of soy on menopausal symptoms and ideal doses for specific symptoms have not been established. Research on effectiveness of soy products on hot flashes is mixed. Some research suggests that a serving of soy foods eaten daily may help relieve hot flashes.

Some women report vitamin E helpful in reducing hot flashes. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its use. There is also no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil and dong quai root although some women report improvements n reducing menopausal symptoms.

Circumcised men may soon be able to REGROW their foreskin

Some circumcised men are angry about being circumcised when they were young without their knowledge.

New technique could help increasing number of men angry they were given the procedure

Circumcised men may soon be able to undergo a procedure to re-grow their foreskin.

A U.S. company says it is close to developing a method that will allow men’s foreskins to regenerate – much like a salamander is able to re-grow a limb.

The procedure will help the growing number of men aggrieved about being circumcised before they had the capacity to consent to the procedure.

These men - who call themselves ‘intactivists’ - are becoming increasingly vocal with their outrage at being circumcised.

RE-GROWING A FORESKIN 

Regeneration is carried out by creating an extra-cellular matrix, a ‘skeleton’ for tissue which provides an attachment point for cells and makes human tissue 3D.

This extra-cellular matrix is then seeded with the appropriate layer of cells, in this case, stem cells that will grow into foreskin.

Foregen says it will draw together experts from the field to find a way to make men’s foreskin grow back.

It will start with experiments on animals with a view to progressing to trials on humans.

In 2013, the company had its first 'breakthrough' and was able to 'decellularize' bull foreskins - a process which marks the first step towards re-growing the bull’s foreskin.

An organ donation organisation has now given Foregen the permission to acquire human adult foreskins – and they will carry out the same experiments on these.

So far, while they may be close to regrowing foreskin tissue, it is unclear how they will regenerate peripheral nerves.

Writing on its website, Foregen said: ‘In the short term, we hope to fully regenerate human foreskins.

‘Once we have accomplished that, our goal is to advance onto human clinical trials as soon as it is safe to do so.’

It says the newly grown foreskin will be fully functioning, as the new tissue reintegrates itself in the body.

This means the body recognises it as its own tissue and will not reject it, as is the case for transplanted organs or grafted skin. 

It claims not only to be able to ‘re-grow’ the removed tissue, but it will also be fully functioning, restoring sensitivity.

Foregen, is a US non-profit organisation ‘founded to research and implement regenerative medical therapies for circumcised males’, its website says.

It points to research which found that circumcision leads to loss of sensation in the penis, as well as the potential for psychological damage.

The company, based in Italy, is researching techniques used in regenerative medicine, a branch of medicine which helps people re-grow tissue that has been lost by injury or disease.

Like salamanders, humans naturally have the ability to regenerate while developing in the womb. If a foetus loses a finger, it grows back without forming scar tissue.

It is not known why humans lose the ability to regenerate, but one theory is that the process of scarring – which prevents bleeding – was considered during human evolution to be more important.

Experts working in regenerative medicine have discovered ways of harnessing the ‘map of the body’ present in cells’ DNA, which allows any part of the body to be regrown, and to inhibit scarring.

So far, scientists and doctors have been able to partially regenerate living human hearts, vaginal tissue, breast tissue as well as fully regenerating bladders and the last joint of a human finger.

Scientists have also been able to regrow functioning penises in rabbits.

Regeneration is carried out by creating an extra-cellular matrix, a ‘skeleton’ for tissue which provides an attachment point for cells and makes human tissue 3D.

This extra-cellular matrix is then seeded with the appropriate layer of cells, in this case, stem cells that will grow into foreskin.

Foregen says it will draw together experts from the field to find a way to make men’s foreskin grow back.

It will start with experiments on animals with a view to progressing to trials on humans. 

In 2013, the company had its first 'breakthrough' and was able to 'decellularize' bull foreskins - a process which marks the first step towards re-growing the bull’s foreskin.

An organ donation organisation has now given Foregen the permission to acquire human adult foreskins – and they will carry out the same experiments on these.

So far, while they may be close to regrowing foreskin tissue, it is unclear how they will regenerate peripheral nerves.

Writing on its website, Foregen said: ‘In the short term, we hope to fully regenerate human foreskins.

‘Once we have accomplished that, our goal is to advance onto human clinical trials as soon as it is safe to do so.’

It says the newly grown foreskin will be fully functioning, as the new tissue reintegrates itself in the body.

This means the body recognises it as its own tissue and will not reject it, as is the case for transplanted organs or grafted skin.

CIRCUMCISION: THE ONGOING DEBATE

Medical experts are increasingly divided over whether circumcision should be performed

Circumcision has been practised for centuries, with the earliest evidence dating from the time of the pharaohs.

Yet it has become a highly controversial procedure, and one that stirs strong passions.

Late last year, the U.S. centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - America's leading public health organisation, recently issued draft guidelines recommending the procedure for all boys.

Experts there argued that circumcision protects against the risk of urinary tract infections in infants and sexually transmitted diseases in adulthood.

This may be because it reduces the risk of bacteria lodging within the foreskin and reduces the risk of tiny tears to the foreskin that become an entry point for infections.

The CDC guidelines also suggest that circumcision lowers the risk of men contracting herpes and the human papilloma virus, in turn protecting them against penile cancer - and cutting the risk of their passing the virus on to women, reducing their risk of cervical cancer.

The CDC concluded that 'the scientific evidence is clear that the benefits outweigh the risks of physical or mental harm that may be involved'.

Those in the 'no' camp say all this is based on flawed studies from Africa that have no relevance to Western populations. Furthermore it ignores research that shows no link between circumcision and the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

Over the past five years, doctors' groups in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Holland, Iceland and Australia have spoken out against the procedure.

Their various national organisations have called for bans on the op unless it is needed on strictly medical grounds.

The Council of Europe recently passed a resolution condemning the practice as a 'violation of the physical integrity of children'.

It said circumcision can cause lifelong trauma, diminish sexual satisfaction and put children at risk of lasting physical damage.

And while the World Health Organisation advocates circumcision in regions with high levels of heterosexual HIV transmission - such as in Africa - it also warns that it can cause pain, excessive bleeding, excessive skin removal, scars and deformation. Last month, England's most senior family judge, Sir James Munby, said male circumcision involved 'significant harm'.

Do women have less sex drive than men ?

Men think about sex every 7 seconds.
No one knows where that long-held popular shorthand for the robust male sex drive came from, but it likely wasn't from any science lab. According to a 1994 study from Indiana University's Kinsey Institute, a little more than half the male population -- 54 percent, to be precise -- daydreams about sex every day or several times per day . Another study published in 1990 in the Archives of Sexual Behavior asked 49 male college students to tally up their sexual fantasies over a week, and the results averaged to just 7.5 sexy thoughts per day, which works out to only once every 3.2 hours . And for a final nail in the sex-crazed coffin, the highest total of sexual-related thoughts among the male participants in a 2011 study at Ohio State University was 388, or once every 3.7 minutes. Statistically, still a far cry from the 7-second assumption .
Even though sex doesn't pop up in the male brain with the merry-go-round constancy some might expect, that trio of studies also confirmed that, on average, men think about sex more often than women. In the Ohio State University data, for instance, the most sexually minded woman in the participant pool reported 140 daily fantasies, less than half of her male counterpart's total . Even during masturbation, which is closely associated with and driven by sexual thought, heterosexual men in a 1990 study from the State University of New York reported "significantly more sexual fantasies" than heterosexual women.
It would be fallacious, however, to assume that a single measure like frequency of sexual fantasy concretely proves that men have stronger sex drives than women. Accurately evaluating sex drive must also assess the intensity of that motivation to make whoopee. Do men want sex more often and with more partners, compared to women? Statistically, the answer across the board is yes, and evolutionary biologists have some theories as to why.

The Sex Drive Battle of the Sexes

 

1. Men think more about sex.

The majority of adult men under 60 think about sex all the time. Only about one-quarter of women say they think about it that frequently. As men and women age, each fantasize less, but men still fantasize about twice as often.

In a survey of studies comparing male and female sex drives, found that men reported more spontaneous sexual arousal and had more frequent and varied fantasies.

2. Men seek sex more avidly.

"Men want sex more often than women at the start of a relationship, in the middle of it, and after many years of it. Men also say they want more sex partners in their lifetime, and are more interested in casual sex. 

Men are more likely to seek sex even when it's frowned upon or even outlawed:

• About two-thirds say they masturbate, even though about half also say they feel guilty about it. By contrast, about 40% of women say they masturbate, and the frequency of masturbation is smaller among women.
• Prostitution is still mostly a phenomenon of men seeking sex with women, rather than the other way around.
• Nuns do a better job of fulfilling their vows of chastity than priests, a survey of several hundred clergy in which 62% of priests admitted to sexual activity, compared to 49% of nuns. The men reported more partners on average than the women.

Experts say men score higher in libido, while women's sex drive is more "fluid."

3. Women's sexual turn-ons are more complicated than men's.

What turns women on? Not even women always seem to know. Northwestern University researcher Meredith Chivers and colleagues showed erotic films to gay and straight men and women. They asked them about their level of sexual arousal, and also measured their actual level of arousal through devices attached to their genitals.

For men, the results were predictable: Straight men said they were more turned on by depictions of male-female sex and female-female sex, and the measuring devices backed up their claims. Gay men said they were turned on by male-male sex, and again the devices backed them up. For women, the results were more surprising. Straight women, for example, said they were more turned on by male-female sex. But genitally they showed about the same reaction to male-female, male-male, and female-female sex. 

"Men are very rigid and specific about who they become aroused by, who they want to have sex with, who they fall in love with," says J. Michael Bailey. He is a Northwestern University sex researcher and co-author with Chivers on the study.

By contrast, women may be more open to same-sex relationships thanks to their less-directed sex drives, Bailey says. "Women probably have the capacity to become sexually interested in and fall in love with their own sex more than men do," Bailey says. "They won't necessarily do it, but they have the capacity."

Bailey's idea is backed up by studies showing that homosexuality is a more fluid state among women than men. In another broad review of studies, they found many more lesbians reported recent sex with men, when compared to gay men's reports of sex with women. Women were also more likely than men to call themselves bisexual, and to report their sexual orientation as a matter of choice.

4. Women's sex drives are more influenced by social and cultural factors.

In studies showing many ways in which women's sexual attitudes, practices, and desires were more influenced by their environment than men:

• Women's attitudes toward (and willingness to perform) various sexual practices are more likely than men's to change over time.
• Women who regularly attend church are less likely to have permissive attitudes about sex. Men do not show this connection between church attendance and sex attitudes.
• Women are more influenced by the attitudes of their peer group in their decisions about sex.
• Women with higher education levels were more likely to have performed a wider variety of sexual practices (such as oral sex); education made less of a difference with men.
• Women were more likely than men to show inconsistency between their expressed values about sexual activities such as premarital sex and their actual behavior.

5. Women take a less direct route to sexual satisfaction.

Men and women travel slightly different paths to arrive at sexual desire. "I hear women say in my office that desire originates much more between the ears than between the legs," says Esther Perel, a New York City psychotherapist. "For women there is a need for a plot -- hence the romance novel. It is more about the anticipation, how you get there; it is the longing that is the fuel for desire," Perel says.

Women's desire "is more contextual, more subjective, more layered on a lattice of emotion," Perel adds. Men, by contrast, don't need to have nearly as much imagination, Perel says, since sex is simpler and more straightforward for them.

That doesn't mean men don't seek intimacy, love, and connection in a relationship, just as women do. They just view the role of sex differently. "Women want to talk first, connect first, then have sex," Perel explains. "For men, sex is the connection. Sex is the language men use to express their tender loving vulnerable side," Perel says. "It is their language of intimacy."

6. Women experience orgasms differently than men.

Men, on average, take 4 minutes from the point of entry until ejaculation, according to Laumann. Women usually take around 10 to 11 minutes to reach orgasm -- if  they do.

That's another difference between the sexes: how often they have an orgasm during sex. Among men who are part of a couple, 75% say they always have an orgasm, as opposed to 26% of the women. And not only is there a difference in reality, there's one in perception, too. While the men's female partners reported their rate of orgasm accurately, the women's male partners said they believed their female partners had orgasms 45% of the time.

7. Women's libidos seem to be less responsive to drugs.

With men's sex drives seemingly more directly tied to biology when compared to women, it may be no surprise that low desire may be more easily treated through medication in men. Men have embraced drugs as a cure not only for erectile dysfunction but also for a shrinking libido. With women, though, the search for a drug to boost sex drive has proved more elusive. 

Testosterone has been linked to sex drive in both men and women. But testosterone works much faster in men with low libidos than women, says Glenn Braunstein, MD. He is past-chair of the department of medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles and a leading researcher on testosterone treatments in women. While the treatments are effective, they're not as effective in women as in men. "There is a hormonal factor in [sex drive], but it is much more important in men than women," Braunstein says. 

A testosterone patch for women called Intrinsa has been approved in Europe but was rejected by the FDA due to concerns about long-term safety. But the drug has sparked a backlash from some medical and psychiatric professionals who question whether low sex drive in women should even be considered a condition best treated with drugs. They point to the results of a large survey in which about 40% of women reported some sort of sexual problem -- most commonly low sexual desire -- but only 12% said they felt distressed about it. With all the factors that go into the stew that piques sexual desire in women, some doctors say a drug should be the last ingredient to consider, rather than the first.

An exhaustive review of studies on sexuality, published from the late 1960s to 2000, asserted that in every sex-drive-related metric, men demonstrated stronger urges than women . The psychologists from Case Western Reserve University who conducted this review also emphasized that the male mojo doesn't represent a snapshot of time; rather, it persists across age groups, marital status and sexuality. A brief sampling of this his versus hers data clearly demonstrates this gender difference:

• Percent of 25- to 29-year-olds who masturbate: Men, 94.6 percent. Women, 84.6 percent.
• Desired number of sexual partners over a two-year period: Men, eight. Women, one.
• Actual number of sexual partners: Men, six to eight. Women, four .
• Expected number of dates before a couple has sexual intercourse: Men, eight. Women, 12 .

This sex drive gap isn't just a hallmark of heterosexual romantic relationships, either. Studies of same-sex couples continue the trend. For instance, relationship analysis from 1983 found that two-thirds of gay couples who had been together for two years or more acknowledged having sex at least three times per week. Among lesbian couples in the same study, the proportion dropped to one-third .
Evolutionary biologists attribute the sex drive gap to pregnancy risk. Theoretically, females might not be as innately compelled toward sexual behavior as a self-protective strategy to avoid the possibility of unplanned motherhood, or mothering the child of an unfit mate. In the modern age of birth control and social gender equality, that notion might not sit well with scores of sexually active women, but the host of data nevertheless bears out scientific theory .
Though, on average, women's sex drives aren't as relentless as men's, that doesn't mean they lack desire -- quite the contrary. In fact, studies have also discovered that women might have more fluid, or wider ranging, sexual desires than men. When, in 2004, Queens University psychologist Meredith Chivers examined both heterosexual and homosexual men's and women's arousal responses to a variety of pornographic imagery, women exhibited more heightened responses across the board, regardless of their sexual identification . Male participants, on the other hand, were titillated according to their self-identified sexual preferences. For instance, gay men were markedly more excited by gay male porn, as opposed to straight porn, and vice versa for straight men. So while men might win when it comes to drive, females are arguably the more erotic sex.

Signs He's Never Getting Serious With You

So you’ve been dating him for a year now: he’s witty, charming, gentle, and completely gets your sense of humor like no other guy before. But as much as you love that he's easy-going, maybe he’s a little too laid-back…after all, he just can’t seem to take your relationship seriously, as wonderful as he makes you feel.
It can be incredibly frustrating to find the (seemingly) perfect guy who, despite your every effort, simply won’t settle down. Perhaps he’s a little scared or slow to warm up – but at a certain point, it’s no longer worth the exertion to be with someone who's only half as invested as you are. Here’s how to know it’s time to cut your losses:

 He hasn’t said the “L” word.

You’re in love with him  and he knows it. Twelve months is a long time, and he should know if he feels the same way by that point. Maybe he’s sensing an emptiness where butterflies should be and just isn’t telling you. Either way, if he has yet to return the Feeling of All Feelings after more than a year, it's time to let him go.

 He won’t entertain the idea of marriage.

You're not pushing him to buy you a ring as soon as the workday's over -- you just want to discuss his thoughts on making it "officially official." But he won’t have it: every time your mouth formulates an “m,” the dude retreats like a hermit crab surrounded by pufferfish. If he can’t even have a mature discussion about marriage in general, ditch the boy who never grew up.

He still flirts with lots of other women.

You notice him sizing up the ladies every time you go out for a beer on Friday night. Or worse, he's initiating flirtatious conversations in your presence, or even taking numbers in your absence. Any of these behaviors indicate that he's afraid of letting go of his dating life. Leave him in the seedy bar where he belongs.

 He always puts his friends before you.

If he is still reciting the “bros before hoes” mantra in your presence, you’ve got a problem. His world doesn’t need to revolve around yours, but you should be fairly high on his list of Important Things. If he’s consistently ditching you for his boys on Saturday nights after you’ve made plans, it’s time to follow suit and ditch him for someone else.

 He won’t consider moving in with you.

You barely let one another out of your sights, but he still won’t sit down for a mere discussion about finding a place together -- despite the fact that your stuff takes up half of his apartment, and his stuff takes up half of yours. He may be old-fashioned, or he may just want his own space, but if your gut tells you that his apprehension is relationship-related, take heed of your instincts.

 He refuses to introduce you to his family.

You were super gung-ho about him meeting your family at the beginning of your relationship, and he received nothing but glowing reviews from your folks at Thanksgiving. But whenever you ask about meeting his relatives, he always gives some weird, ridiculous excuse. His parents may have a problem with you, or he may just be scared to take that next step. But if you’ve been together for a long time and only know what his family looks like from Facebook photos, a larger conversation is necessary – as it likely is with all of the above signs that he's not taking your interests seriously.

How do you know He Is Cheating on You ?

Many  may have no clue whether he is cheating till the thing busts up, i have compiled some of the obvious clues  that can help you know what  he is up to.

He always puts his phone on airplane or silent mode .

Shady! Doing this means you can’t see incoming text messages on his phone.

He doesn’t want to go out with you, but wants to ‘hang out’ late-night. 

If you’re okay with having a relationship with a guy who only wants to see you when he’s drunk at 3 a.m., who are we to judge? For all we know, you might have some guys on the side you late-night call, too. But, you should know that when a guy doesn’t ever want to grab drinks with you, he’s probably looking for someone else to take home. If he doesn’t find it, then he calls you to hook up.

He can’t keep plans.

Be alarmed if he starts canceling dinner plans, texting that something came up, and he can’t make your friend’s party, or he asks if it’s cool if he just crashes at home—but won’t answer his phone.

He’s now a neat freak.

If he never seemed to be particularly obsessive about the state f his apartment or car, and now he’s taking great pains to clean them, well, he could be getting rid of evidence. If you really want to find out if he’s cheating on you, drop by unannounced when he’s in the middle of “cleaning” his place, and see what’s going down.

He takes his phone every single time he leaves a room. 

For better or worse, we’re all attached to our phones, but if you notice your guy takes his with him every single time he leaves the room—even if it’s just to go into the kitchen to get a glass of water, or into the bathroom, there’s a good chance your suspicions could be legit.

Most of Facebook friends are hot girls.

What’s that? They’re all his extended cousins? Snap out of it.

He suddenly has to ‘work late’ every night. 

There’s nothing wrong with burning the midnight oil from time to time, but if you notice your man’s suddenly become a bonafide cliché—saying he has work late all the time on projects he can’t be bothered to explain, or decides to “just crash at the office because it’s so late,” you might want to start doing some investigating.

He’s weirdly nice to you.

This one is tricky, because we’re not saying that surprise sweet gestures necessarily translate to cheater. However, if one or more points on this list ring true and your guy suddenly starts bringing you flowers for no reason or buying you expensive gifts out of the blue, he could be feeling guilty about something.

His sexual tastes are different. 

This one has long been a telltale sign of infidelity, especially if your guy initiates sex more or suddenly wants to do it in new, unfamiliar ways without discussing it first.
 many  men interviewed for a story about cheating expressed having the feeling of a huge rush of testosterone — which would manifest as a new confidence during sex. They felt strong, masculine, the embodiment of virility and like every woman wanted them. Aka, their egos were growing daily.

He’s suddenly snappy and defensive. 

Sometimes guilt manifests itself as irritability and paranoia, so if you make casual comments to your guy like “Oh, I texted you earlier” and he lashes out that you’re overbearing, annoying, or neurotic, you may want to look for other red flags.

He makes you feel bad about yourself. 

If he suddenly finds ways to pick on you by criticizing things like your body, your job, your apartment; or perpetually nitpicking about your personality quirks, your clothes, or your beliefs, there could be another woman in the picture.

Your friends see him on Tinder.

Sure, he could make the excuse that he never deleted his profile, but let’s get real: He’s trolling for dates.

You catch him in lies—even tiny ones.

Juggling women is hard work, and even the sharpest guy is bound to get confused. He says he was at a bar with his friends, then turns around and says he was at a restaurant on the other side of town? Unless he’s suddenly become the first human on earth to figure out how to be in two places at once, that’s simply not possible.